Enteric fever in India: Causes, symptoms, and current treatment
Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, is a bacterial infection that remains a major health concern, especially in India.[1] The disease is closely tied to poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and high population density, making it a significant public health issue.[2] This blog will explain the causes of enteric fever, symptoms, and current treatment for enteric fever in India and how it impacts public health.
What is enteric fever?
Enteric fever is commonly known as typhoid and paratyphoid fever. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi.[1] These bacteria primarily spread through the faecal-oral route, typically through contaminated water and food.[2,4] Once ingested, the bacteria enter the bloodstream, causing systemic infection.[2]
Enteric fever is transmitted when an individual consumes food or water contaminated by faeces from infected people.[1] The bacteria can also be passed on by chronic carriers, people who no longer show enteric fever symptoms but continue to shed the bacteria in their faeces.[2]
Enteric fever is common in South and Southeast Asia, including India, where unsafe water sources and poor sanitation contribute to its widespread occurrence.[1] Major urban centres and densely populated areas are particularly vulnerable to outbreaks.[3] Children are the most vulnerable to contracting enteric fever, but the disease also affects adults, especially those living in low-income areas or crowded conditions.[2,3]
Why is enteric fever common in India?
Enteric fever remains prevalent in India due to inadequate sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and poor food hygiene.[1] High population density in urban areas increases the spread of bacteria.[3] Seasonal factors, such as higher temperatures and flooding, contribute to outbreaks by compromising water quality.[1] While antibiotics are effective, antimicrobial resistance is rising, complicating treatment and prolonging the disease burden.[4] Improving WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) infrastructure is essential to reduce the risk and prevent further spread.[2]
Causes of enteric fever
Enteric fever is primarily caused by the ingestion of contaminated water or unhygienic, undercooked food.[1] Poor hand hygiene and contact with infected individuals or carriers also play a significant role in its spread.[2] The disease thrives in areas with inadequate sanitation and unsafe water sources.[1] In India, lack of vaccination coverage further contributes to the persistence of the disease.[4] These factors create an environment where the bacteria can easily spread, especially in high-density urban areas.
Symptoms of enteric fever
Enteric fever typically presents with a gradual onset of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, anorexia, and abdominal discomfort. As the disease progresses, patients may develop abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or constipation. Some may also experience rose spots, small pink rashes that appear on the skin.[1,4]
If enteric fever’s treatment is not given at the right time, it can lead to severe complications such as intestinal perforation, sepsis, and neurological issues.[1] These complications often occur after 2 to 3 weeks of illness and require urgent medical intervention.[2]
Current treatment options for enteric fever
Antibiotics are the most common treatment, and they can help reduce enteric fever symptoms and prevent complications.[1] However, it’s important to never take antibiotics without a doctor’s advice. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), making the disease harder to treat.[1,2] Without timely treatment, enteric fever can worsen, leading to the need for hospitalisation or severe complications like intestinal perforation and sepsis. Early intervention with the right antibiotics is key to a full recovery and reducing the risk of complications.[1]
Conclusion
Enteric fever remains a major health concern in India, especially in regions with poor sanitation, unsafe water sources, and rising antibiotic resistance. While the disease can be treated with antibiotics, early enteric fever diagnosis and timely treatment are essential to avoid severe complications. If you live in or travel to endemic areas, it is crucial to consult your doctor about typhoid vaccines, which can help reduce the risk of contracting enteric fever. Early intervention can save lives and reduce the burden of this disease.
FAQs
Is enteric fever the same as typhoid?
Yes, enteric fever refers to both typhoid and paratyphoid. They are treated in the same way.
How common is enteric fever in India?
Enteric fever remains highly prevalent in India, with a large portion of global cases occurring here.
Is enteric fever curable?
Yes, enteric fever is curable with enteric fever antibiotics. Timely treatment is essential to avoid complications.
How long does recovery take?
With timely antibiotic treatment, recovery typically occurs within 7 to 10 days. Full recovery may take longer, especially in severe cases.
Can enteric fever be prevented?
Yes, Typhoid vaccination and practising good hygiene can significantly reduce the risk of contracting enteric fever.
Resources
Disclaimer: A public awareness initiative by Bharat Biotech International Limited. This information is for general awareness only and does not constitute medical advice. The doctors, medical facilities and graphics shown are for illustrative purposes only. For any medical advice or any question or concern you may have regarding your condition, consult your doctor.